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HUDSON-FULTON 

CELEBRATION 

1609 - 1807- 1909 





HUDSON RIVER, from^ 
WEST POINT 



STATE OF NEW YORK 

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 

1909 




STATE OF NEW YORK ' . , ^^v/.-n J^^ 

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 



Hudson-Fulton Celebration 

September 25 to October 9, 1909 



A BROCHURE FOR THE USE OF THE SCHOOLS OF THE 
STATE COMPILED AND EDITED BY HARLAN HOYT HORNER 




HENRY HUDSON'S COAT OF ARMS 



ALBANY 

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT 
1909 







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THE HUDSON^FULTON CELEBRATION 

BY THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCA""ION 

THE State of New York is arranging an elaborate celebration 
in honor of the Hudson river and of the great events 
associated with its waters and its shores. The celebra' 
tion will begin on the 25th of September, 1 909, and continue at different 
points and with varying features to the 9th of October. Wednesday. 
September 29th, will be the Educational day of the celebration. 

The time chosen is the three hundredth anniversary of the first 
exploration of the river by Captain Henry Hudson, in the little 
sailing ship " Half Moon," sent out by the good people of Holland. 
It is a little more than a hundred years from the time when Robert 
Fulton, in the " Clermont," proved that steam power might be relied 
upon to propel boats. 

The Hudson river has borne many names. Some of the Indians 
called it " Mah-i'Can'i'tuk," which meant " the place of the 
Mohicans" ; and others, " Ca'ho-ha'ta'tea," or "river that flows from 
the mountains." The Dutch named it the " Mauritius " in honor 
of Prince Maurice, the great son and successor of William the Silent. 
The French called it " La Grande river," and the Spanish, the 
" River of the Mountains." The English more often gave it the name 
of the " North river" (the Delaware being the South river), and by 
that name it is frequently called now. But the popular sense of 
justice came to call it " Hudson's river," and that finally settled 
down to the 'Hudson river." The common fairness has now been 
confirmed by many lavv/s. 

None of its great names has been too good for it. It is a splendid, 
deep, free- flowing stream. It is the outlet of great mountains and 
magnificent valleys. It has tides all the way to Albany. It is 
bordered by beautiful slopes and stately peaks ; by the Palisades, a 
great stone wall fifteen miles in length; and by thrifty cities and 
splendid residences as well. In picturesqueness, in always changing, 
and quickly changing, views, it is hardly equaled by any other river 
in America, or in the world. 

It is a river which has long been useful and dear to a great and 
prosperous civilization. Although Hudson sailed for the Dutch, he 
first made known his discovery to the English ; and although the 
English king required him, an English subject, not to leave the English 
service again, the Dutch were the first to establish trading posts and 

3 



settlements upon the Hudson river. The Dutch were a little people, 
but in some things they were greater than the largest. In manu' 
factures and trade u'pon the seas, in fighting power, and in schools 
of all grades and kinds, they were then the foremost nation in the 
world. They had just had a forty years' war and had laid down 
a hundred thousand lives for liberty. It had made them the freest 
nation in the world. Of course, they brought their personal traits 
and their national feeling to the Hudson. For full fifty years those 
traits and feelings had their free opportunity in "New Amsterdam" 
and " New Netherland " ; and of course they have a large share 
in the foundational history of the State of New York. 

Just as Hudson was exploring, and Dutch settlers were beginning 
to locate upon the Hudson river, our Pilgrim forefathers were hunted 
out of England by religious bigotry. They were welcomed in Holland. 
A dozen years later they migrated to America, intending to settle 
upon the Hudson, but were landed upon the Massachusetts coast 
by reason of bad weather, or the captain's fraud. The Pilgrims 
and the Dutch had common feelings and cordial relations. Neither 
had any love for the king and the Royalists in England, who in 1664 
sent an armed fleet and took possession of New Amsterdam and 
called it New York. In the meantime, twenty or thirty thousand 
English Puritans, and some Royalists, had settled in New England. 
A few had come over into New York. They were upright, religious, 
intolerant, autocratic, aggressive people. The English knew much, 
very much for their day, about human rights. They had fought 
for their rights within as well as without the kingdom. They had 
set limits to the power of the king. They brought " Magna Charta" 
and a good system of laws and of courts to America with them. 
They were divided among themselves, and had, the Royalists 
particularly, much friction with the Dutch. But by the time 
the English Puritans and the Dutch had combined their forces and 
overwhelmed the English government in the American War for 
Independence, and by the time they had forced the British armies 
to surrender, and had driven the Royalists or "Tories" out of the 
country, they were fused into a united people. They had learned 
to tolerate each other, and to tolerate other people also. They 
welcomed people from all the nations. Working together, they 
became generous^ minded and made the great qualities of each even 
greater than they were before. Out of it all came the " Empire 
State " and other great states and the great Union of the states. 

4 



All this and much more, in infinite detail, is associated with the 
valley of the Hudson river, and must be made much of in our 
celebration. There is not a point upon the river, not a stream or 
a valley that leads into it, not a peak that looks down upon it, that 
is without its legend and its story. War, with its horrors and its 
heroisms, has had a large part in it. Treason left its stain upon it. 
Learning, literature, the arts and sciences, agriculture, manufactures, 
banking, law, politics, statesmanship, have run as freely in the Hudson 
valley as the ever^ flowing waters of the river. 

The first school in the United States; the first federal Congress; 
the initial and the decisive battles of the Revolution ; and the approval 
of the federal Constitution were in sight of it. The convention that 
framed the first state Constitution of New York was forced by the 
British army up the river from New York to White Plains, then to 
Harlem, then to Kingsbridge, then to Odell's in the Philipse Manor, 
then to Fishkill, then to Poughkeepsie, and then to Kingston, where, 
with the scales of justice in one hand and the drawn sword in the 
other, on Sunday, April 20, 1777, it completed its splendid work, 
only to have advancing war at once compel it to move again. 

Let us think of what the names of Clinton, Tompkins, Yates, 
Woodhull, Gansevoort, Schuyler, Tallmadge, Root, Scott, Livingston, 
Duane, VanCortlandt, VanRensselaer, particularly Hamilton and Jay, 
and a host of others, signify in the early history of the Hudson : let us 
think of the teachers, and preachers, and scholars, and writers, who 
have wrought upon its shores : let us enter into the enlightened 
policy of the State which long ago made it the greatest highway 
of travel and commerce in the country, and let us have a share in 
the new purpose that such it shall remain forever. 

The schools may do more than any other agencies to put red 
blood and a true spirit into the coming celebration. New York 
has never been very generously treated — it has sometimes been 
badly treated — by the professional writers of American history. 
Let us enter in no haphazard or half- hearted way into a great 
celebration which is being arranged to arouse a keener appreciation 
of the doings of our fathers. Let the pupils read much of the 
history which makes the Empire State so great. Let them write 
upon it. Let the exercises upon the 29th of September be public 
and popular, the worthy expression of a fine school system, and the 
vital inspiration of a yet greater State. 



HENRY HUDSON'S QUEST 

(1609) 
^* 

OUT from the harbor of Amsterdam 
The Half Moon turned her prow to sea ; 
The coast of Norway dropped behind. 

Yet northward stil! kept she 
Through the drifting fog and the driving snow, 
NAi'here never before man dared to go : 
"O Pilot, shall we find the strait that leads to the Eastern sea?" 
"A waste of ice before us lies — we must turn back," said he. 

Westward they steered their tiny bark, 

NA/'estward through weary weeks they sped. 
Till the coldf^ray strand of a stranger' land 

Loomed throagh the mist ahead. 
League after league they hugged the coast. 
And their Captain never left his post : 
" O Pilot, see you yet the strait that leads to the Eastern sea ? " 
"I see but the rocks and the barren shore; no strait is there." quoth he. 

They sailed to the North — they sailed to the South — 

And at last they rounded an arm of sand 
Which held the sea from a harbor's mouth — • 

The loveliest in the land ; 
They kept their course across the bay. 

And the shore before them fell away : 
' O Pilot, see you not the strait that leads to the Eastern sea ? " 
'Hold the rudder true 1 Praise Christ Jesu I the strait is here," said he. 

C'p.ward they glide with wind and tide. 

Past marshes gray and crags sun-kist ; 
They skirt the sills of green-clad hills. 
And meadows white with mist — 
But alas I the hope and the brave, brave dream ! 

For rock and shallovk' bar the stream : 
' O Pilot, can this be the strait that leads to the Eastern sea ? " 
'Nay, Captain, nay; 't is not this way; turn back we must," said he. 

Full sad was Hudson's heart as he turned 

The Half Moon's prow to the South once more; 

He saw no beauty in crag or hill. 

No beauty in curving shore ; 

For they shut him away from that fabled main 

He sought his whole life long, in vain : 

' O Pilot, say, can there be a strait that leads to the Eastern sea ? " 

'God's crypt is sealed 1 'Twill stand revealed in His own good time," quoth he. 

Poems of American History, Burton Egbert Stevenson 
Houghton, Mifflin Co- 



THE HUDSON^FULTON CELEBRATION COMMISSION 

Organization and plans 

J- 

THE Hudson' Fulton Celebration Commission was incorporated 
by chapter 325 of the laws of 1906 of the State of New 
York to arrange for " the public celebration or commemora- 
ticn of the tercentenary of the discovery of the Hudson river by 
Henry Hudson in the year 1609, and of the first use of steam in 
the navigation of said river by Robert Fulton in the year 1807, in 
such manner and form, either permanent or temporary, as may be 
found appropriate by said commission." 

Under the provisions of the statute the officers of the commission 
are : president. Gen. Stewart L. \A/oodford ; presiding vice president 
and acting president, Mr Herman Ridder; vice presidents, Mr 
Andrew Carnegie, Hon. Joseph H. Choate, Maj. Gen. F. D. Grant 
U. S. A., Hon. Seth Low, Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, Hon. Levi P. 
Morton, Hon. Alton B. Parker, Mr John E. Parsons, Gen. Horace 
Porter, Hon. Frederick W. Seward, Mr Francis Lynde Stetson, 
Hon. Oscar S. Straus, Mr W. B. Van Rensselaer, and Gen. James 
Grant Wilson; treasurer, Mr Isaac N. Seligman; secretary, Mr 
Henry W. Sackett. In accordance with the original statute and 
amendments and by appointment by the Governor of the State and 
Mayor of New York city the entire commission is constituted of 
more than 300 prominent citizens of the State including the presi' 
dents of 38 incorporated villages along the Hudson river. 

The general program for the celebration as tentatively announced 
by the commission is briefly as follows : 

Religious service days: Saturday and Sunday, September 25 and 26, 1909 
Reception day: Monday, September 27th 
The people of Holland under royal auspices are building a repro- 
duction of the Half Moon to be presented to the commission 
manned with a crew in the costumes of the period of Henry 
Hudson. The facsimile of the Half Moon will be formally received 
on Monday, September 27th and will take her place in line for the 
journey up the river. A facsimile of the Clermont, being built by 
the commission, will start from the original site with appropriate 
exercises and take her place in line. Public and private buildings will 
be decorated, visiting guests will be received, and exhibits of paintings, 
prints, books, models, relics etc. will be opened in libraries and museums 
in New York city and in similar institutions throughout the State. 

Historical day: Tuesday, September 28th 
On Tuesday, September 28th, there will be an historical parade in 
New York city, composed of floats and moving tableaux representing 

7 



the principal events in the history of the city and State. The official 

literary exercises will be held in the evening at different places in 

Nevv/ York city at which orations will be delivered by prominent men. 

General commemoration day: Wednesday, September 2c,th 

Wednesday, September 29th, will be devoted to the dedication 
of parks and memorials along the Hudson river and to general 
commemorative exercises in the schools, colleges, universities and 
other educational institutions and societies throughout the State. 
Other features of the day include a reception to visiting guests at 
West Point and an official banquet in honor of distinguished guests 
in Nev^ York city in the evening. 

Military parade day: Thursday, September 30th 

On Thursday, September 30th, will occur the military parade, 
participated in by the United States Army, the United States Navy 
and Marine Corps, the National Guard and the Naval Militia. it 
is expected that there will be 25,000 troops in line. 
Hudson River day: Friday, October ist 

It is planned on Friday, October 1st, to have a parade of vessels 
of the navy, merchant marine, excursion boats and pleasure craft 
go from New York to Newburgh taking with them the facsimiles 
of the Half Moon and the Clermont. Simultaneously with the ad' 
vance of the south Hudson division it is proposed to have a counter- 
procession from Albany to Newburgh, the two divisions meeting 
and holding appropriate ceremonies there. 

Carnival day: Saturday, October 2d 

Saturday, October 2d, will be the Children's day in all the cities, 
devoted to fetes in public and private parks and playgrounds. The 
celebration will culminate in New York city in the evening in a 
carnival parade, with moving allegorical tableaux, participated in by 
all nationalities represented in the city. It is also designed to have 
a chain of signal fires from mountain tops and other eligible sites 
along the whole river lighted simultaneously at 9 p. m. 

Upper Hudson week: beginning Sunday, October 3d 

It is planned to devote the week beginning Sunday, October 3d 
to celebrations in the communities along the upper Hudson. The 
naval parade with the Half Moon and the Clermont will proceed 
up the river and will participate in celebrations as follows : 

Dutchess County day, Monday, October 4th, at Poughkeepsie ; 
Ulster County day, Tuesday, October 5th, at Kingston; Greene 
County day, Wednesday, October 6th, at Catskill ; Columbia County 
day, Thursday, October 7th, at Hudson; Albany County day, 
Friday, October 8th, at Albany; and Rensselaer County day, Satur^ 
day, October 9th, at Troy. 



OBSERVANCE IN THE SCHOOLS 

J- 

AS noted in the plans of the Hudson^ Fulton Celebration Com' 
mission, Wednesday, September 29th, has been set apart for 
the observance of the celebration in all the educational 
institutions of the State. A General Commemorative Exercises Com' 
mittee, of which Pres. Jacob G. Schurman of Cornell University is 
chairman, has charge of this work for the Commission. At a meeting 
on March 3, 1909 of the executive committee of the General Com' 
memorative Exercises Committee, of which the Commissioner of 
Education is a member, it was voted that the work of extending 
information to the schools of the State be devolved upon that officer. 
The Commissioner of Education therefore very earnestly urges all 
school authorities in the State to plan to hold commemorative exercises 
on Wednesday, September 29, 1909. 

Medals for essays 

In order to aid the Commissioner of Education in arousing interest 
in the schools in the real significance of the celebration, the Hudson' 
Fulton Celebration Commission, through its General Commemorative 
Exercises Committee, ofl^ers two medals to each high school 
and to each academy in the State for the best essays on the dis' 
covery of the Hudson river or of the application of steam to 
navigation thereon, one medal to be awarded to a boy and one to 
a girl in each school. Announcement has already been made in a 
circular issued to the schools on April 15. These essays are to be 
not more than 3000 words in length and are to be presented in 
the handwriting of the author to the principal of the school. The 
principal is to determine the award and certify the names of the 
winners to the Commissioner of Education not later than September 
25, 1909. It is suggested that public announcement of the winners 
be made at the exercises on Wednesday, September 29th. 

Subjects for essays 

Pupils should be urged to select definite and specific topics for 
their essays, to study the subject thoroughly and then to write an 
original paper and not to make a mere compilation. The following 
topics touching upon the whole general question may be found 
helpful for essays in the prize contest and in the general composi' 

9 



tion work in the schools : Henry Hudson and the Half Moon ; 
Hudson's Journey up the River ; An imaginary Letter from Henry 
Hudson to a Friend in England Telling of his Reception by the 
Indians ; Hudson's Last Voyage ; Instruments Used in Navigation in 
Hudson's Time ; The Relation of the Hudson River to the History 
of the State ; The Scenery of the Hudson River ; Legends of the 
Hudson River ; The Industries on the Banks of the Hudson ; Wash' 
ington at Newburgh; History of Location of the Capital of the 

State; The Settlement of [insert the name of town in which 

writer lives] ; Robert Fulton's Career ; Fulton's Disappointments ; 
Fulton's Debt to Other Inventors ; The Growth of Steam Naviga' 
tion in 100 Years; A Description of the Clermont; Brief History 
of the Erie Canal; Description of an Ocean Voyage in 1609, 1809 
and 1909 respectively. 

Subjects for debates 

1 That the Hudson river has been more important in the history 

of the United States than the Mississippi 

2 That Europe is more indebted to Spain for its knovv/ledge of 

the New World than to France, Holland or England 

3 That the settlement of the New World by Europeans would 

have been impossible without the use of gunpowder and the 
invention of printing 

4 That the Dutch took an unfair advantage of the Indians in 

purchasing Manhattan island for $24 worth of trinkets 

5 That the United States was better protected during the War 

of 1812 by the fame of Fulton than by the American navy 

6 That the introduction of steam navigation was more influential 

in the growth of the State of New York than the Erie canal 

7 That it would not be possible for the present city of Greater 

New York to exist without the steamboat and railroad 

8 That the Five Nations were in some respects more civilized 

than the white people who came among them 

9 Thai Hudson's last voyage v^as a foolish waste of human life 

10 That the capture of New Amsterdam by the English in 1664 

can not be justified 

1 1 That the two greatest American inventions were brought into 

practical use by men who had been educated as artists 

12 That Robert Livingston should share equally with Robert Fulton 

the credit for the introduction of the steamboat 

10 



Suggested maps and charts 

1 Map of New York showing locations with names of the prin' 

cipal Indian tribes in 1609 

2 Map of New York in relief showing the old Indian trails and 

travel routes 

3 Map of New York showing the principal cities and villages in 

1810 with population of each, then and novv/ 

4 Chart shovv'ing titles and names of authors of 50 good books 

relating to the early history of the State of New York 

5 Chart showing the titles and authors of 25 works of fiction 

touching on the early history of the State of New York 

6 Graphic chart showing the growth of New York city, Albany 

and other Hudson river cities according to censuses from 
1800 to 1900 

7 Chart showing increase in Hudson river shipping from 1800 to 

1900 

8 Chart showing relative size and tonnage of the Clermont and 

the Lusitania 

9 Chart showing relative horsepower of ordinary tugboat, the new 

Hudson river steamer Robert Fulton and the Mauretania 

Constructive work 

The sand tables in the lower grades and the hand work of the 
upper grades should serve to present very clearly to pupils the full 
meaning of the Hudson- Fulton celebration. The evolution of water 
transportation can be worked out. The smaller children can whittle 
out swimming logs, dugouts and rafts, and shape boats of bark, skin 
and reeds. The older children with the use of simple tools can make 
a model of the Clermont with its paddle wheels, stack and rudder, 
while ambitious boys in the manual training schools can make an 
almost exact model of the boat which can be used in all the grades 
to excite interest in the meaning of the celebration. Subjects for such 
constructive work are as follows : the Clermont, the Half Moon, a 
birch canoe, a canal boat, a canal lock, an Indian wigwam, a block' 
house, Dutch colonial house, colonial fireplace, a water wheel and 
mill. 



Tableaux i 

It is difficult to make suggestions for tableaux which will be 
applicable to all parts of the State, to the different conditions under 
which they are to be given and to the varying resources of the 
participants. Tableaux can be given out of doors with natural 
surroundings which can not be given indoors; and effects can be 
produced in a theater or a large auditorium which can not be had 
in a schoolroom. Each community must be guided largely by its own 
history, and each company by its ov^n facilities. 

While the primary object of the Hudson^ Fulton celebration is to 
commemorate the achievements of Hudson and Fulton, it is designed 
also to stimulate the study of the local history of all the communities 
of the State. Therefore, any important or picturesque or interesting 
event in the annals of a town or city may appropriately be represented. 

There are no more picturesque subjects than those relating to the 
Indians. If purely aboriginal life is to be represented, scenes may be 
given representing passages in the " Legend of Hiawatha, " which is 
supposed to depict the origin of the Iroquois. !f there is any local 
Indian legend, it may likewise afford material. Scenes in Indian 
domestic life ; the making of pottery, wooden dishes, bows and arrows, 
etc.; the stringing of wampum ; an Indian meal ; the gathering of corn ; 
the pounding of corn; Indian games, etc. are admirable subjects for 
purely Indian characters. 

Then there is a range of subjects, as wide as the State, dealing 
with the contact between the Indians and the white men. The 
settlers of New York were usually very scrupulous to buy their 
land from the Indians, even if the price paid was small, so that 
from the purchase of Manhattan island by Peter Minuit in 1626 to 
the Big Tree Treaty on the Genesee by which the Senecas parted 
with most of their land, there were innumerable incidents of that 
sort. There were a great many councils with the Indians like that 
on Bowling Green, New York; that between Stuyvesant and the 
Indians at Albany (Fort Orange) ; those of Sir William Johnson at 
Johnstown; those under the Council tree at Geneva, etc. The 
dealings of the fur traders with the natives are susceptible of simple 
and effective representation. Cooper's " Leatherstocking Tales" will 
suggest several picturesque scenes. Scenes of captivity may also be 
represented, and an incident like Mary Jemison's arrival in the 



' Reprinted from a bulletin prepared by Edward Hagaman Hall L.H.M. L.H.D.. and issued by the 
Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission. 

12 



Genesee country with her Indian babe on her back could be easily 
and strikingly portrayed. 

Henry Hudson may be represented as signing his contract with 
the directors of the Dutch East India Company; or studying his 
globe and charts in the cabin of the Half Moon; or debating with 
his unruly crew near Nova Zembia whether he shall return to 
Holland or sail for America; or welcomed by the friendly Hudson 
river Indians. The famous feast, between Hudson city and Albany, 
when the Indians broke their bows and arrows to show their friend' 
ship, would make a striking scene. If facilities are available, a scene 
based on Collier's painting of "Hudson's Last Voyage," would be 
effective. 

Any phase of Dutch colonial life would be good. A Dutch 
youth and maiden promenading together, or with the youth on his 
knees bafore his sweetheart, would represent a Dutch courtship. 
The rattlc'V^atch — a darkened stage, with a watchman, going about 
with a lantern and whirling his wooden ratchet — could be easily 
produced. Men bowling at tenpins; or a Dutch school scene; or 
features of domestic life, such as spinning, weaving, threshing with 
a flail, churning by hand, polishing the pewter dishes, and cooking 
at the old fireplace, are good material to work upon. 

What has just been said about the Dutch period is equally applic' 
able to the English colonial period. A tea party of either colonial 
period could be made very pretty. 

In preparing for the presentation of historical scenes, the first essential 
is to read the local history of the town and pick out its leading events. 
Some incident connected with the first permanent settlement of each 
town is particularly recommended. In New York city, the purchase 
of Manhattan island in 1626, as mentioned above, would repre' 
sent the beginning of the Dutch period; the surrender of Fort 
Amsterdam by Peter Stuyvesant in 1 664, the beginning of the English 
period; and the reading of the Declaration of Independence to the 
Continental Army, July 9, 1 776, the beginning of the American period. 
The trial and acquittal of John Peter Zenger (1735) establishing 
the freedom of the press; citizens signing the nonimportation agree 
ment (1765); citizens burning the British stamps (1765); Washing- 
ton giving instructions to Nathan Hale ( 1 776) ; Washington's 
farewell to his officers (1783) are suggestive of many others relating 
to colonial and revolutionary times. Where events are of national 
or state'wide importance there is no reason why one community 

13 



should not borrow subjects from another. NA^ashington refusing the 
crown at Newburgh, the adoption of the Constitution at Kingston, 
the capitulation of Burgoyne at Saratoga, and the making of the 
first American flag flown in battle at Fort Stanwix (Rome) are 
events in the latter class. 

Almost every community has had one preeminent historical char^ 
acter, like Peter Stuyvesant, George Clinton, Peter Schuyler, Kiliaen 
Van Rensselaer, Horatio Seymour, NA/illiam H. Seward, or scores 
of others who could be named. Such a character, represented in 
his most famous attitude or act, would make a tableau by itself. 
Oftentimes a local statue will convey a helpful suggestion in this 
direction. " Living statuary " representing a soldier and sailor, would 
symbolize the Civil \A/ar. Robert Fulton's life suggests several sub- 
jects, such as taking painting lessons from Benjamin West; working 
on a steamboat model ; making mechanical drawings ; conferring with 
eX' President Jefferson, President Madison and others when he 
explained his torpedo plans, etc. Irving's " Sketch Book " can be drawn 
on for legends of the Hudson river, foremost among which is that of 
Rip Van Winkle and Henry Hudson's crew in the Catskiils. 




"Sunnyside," Irving's home on the Hudson 
14 



HUDSON AND THE RIVER 




ir 



ESS is known of Henry Hudson than of 
other explorers of America in the 1 7th 
century ; and all that is known of him 
is included within four years — from the May 
day in 1607 when he sailed from Gravesend 
for Greenland, until the fatal day of June in 
1611, when he \A^as cast adrift by his mutin' 
ous crew in the far northern James bay, 
and so passed forever into the unknown. 
We know nothing of his youth, his educa^ 
tion, his associations, his personal appear" 
ance, his vocational training or experience, 
or anything about him, prior to his first rC' 
corded voyage, when he looms into view; 
but the years of which we do know are 
sufficient to reveal him as a man of large 
intelligence and enterprise, of abiding courage 
and indomitable will, which lift him into fame 
as conspicuous among those who opened the 
new world to the old, and especially as the pathfinder for the 
commerce and civilization of the Empire State. In the agreement 
with the Dutch merchants in 1609 he is described as " Henry Hudson, 
Englishman.'' This doubtless settles the country of his birth. It 
is suggested that he was a grandson of another Henry Hudson, 
who was an incorporator of the Muscovy Company, but this is 
a mere conjecture based upon the identity of the Christian name of 
each and the interest of other Hudsons in the company. It is said 
by some that he had been a master of Dutch vessels, and by others 
that he was with the Muscovy Company before he was sent by the 
latter on his arctic voyage, but it may fairly be stated that he was 
then a skilled seaman. He was about 40 years old and was married, 
for he had a son who accompanied him in his expeditions and per' 
ished with him, and there is reference to other children in the 
subsequent contract with the Dutch East India Company. 

The Muscovy Company, trading in Russia, was anxious to find a 
northwest passage to China. This was the dream that entranced 
many hardy mariners of the day. It was the dream of Hudson, 

15 



who was willing to brave dangers and mischances that he might 
realize it. So the company hired him, and on May 1, 1607 he 
set out from Gravesend in a craft of 80 tons, the Hopevv/ell, 
with a crew of 1 1 men, some of whom \A/ere turbulent and 
worthless fellows, as was the case also with his succeeding crews. 
in six weeks he reached Greenland and named the first land 
seen Young's cape after one of his men, a name it still retains. 
Thence he headed north to 72^ on the coast and steered for SpitZ' 
bergen, touching 80° 23' and holding the record for "farthest 
north" until Captain Phipps in 1773 went 25' further north. He 
perplexed himself in vain about a northwest passage, and by this time 
his men had become restive and even rebellious and clamored for 
home. He was obliged to yield to them, and turning his provv' east- 
ward put into Tilbury docks on the 1 5th of September, having been 
plagued throughout a large part of his course by thick fogs and 
tempests and pounding ice floes. The voyage was a disappointment. 
Nothing had been accomplished except the high northern mark. 
Other adventurers had preceded him in their visits to the arctic region. 
But he still had his stout heart. 

Hudson's second voyage was under the same support and probably 
in the same small but stanch vessel as the first. It \A/as an effort to 
find at the northeast that which had baflled him at the northwest — 
communication with China and the Indian ocean. He left St Kathc' 
rine's docks on the 22d of April 1608, coasted western Norway, 
rounded Cape North on the 3d of June, and after much buffeting by 
the ice rested in a quiet cove of Nova Zembla on the 1st of July.' 
He was soon satisfied that further search at that time would be 
useless, and "being void of hope," as he says, "the wind stormy and 
against us and with much ice driving, we weighed anchor and set sail 
west." He was back on the Thames on the 26th of August, to be 
coolly received and even scolded by the company for his failure, and 
his relations with it ended. His own ardor, however, was not 
eclipsed by his rebuff. The dream still possessed him. There were 
other ways to try and other patrons to ask. 

Like "soldiers of fortune" with their swords drawn at any bidding, 
a number, if not a majority, of the discoverers and explorers of America 
'A/ere aided by governments and associations other than those of their 
own nationality. Some tramped from court to court, cap in hand. 
Columbus, a Genoese, was commissioned by Isabella of Spain ; Cabot, 
an Italian, by Henry VII of England ; Verrazano, a Florentine, by 

16 



Francis I of France ; Gomez, a Portuguese, by Charles V, the 
German Emperor ; and Americus Vespucius was in the employ of both 
Spain and Portugal. It is not singular that the English Hudson, doubt' 
less angry with the Muscovy Company, should make terms for his 
third and most memorable voyage with the Amsterdam Chamber of 
the great Dutch East India Company at a time when the Netherlands, 
despite the exhausting war for her liberties in which she had been 
engaged with Spain, was pushing to the front as a world trader, when 
the scepter of commerce was passing from the Rialto to the Zuyder 
Zee. After considerable delay an agreement was concluded by which 
the company was to furnish a vessel of about 60 tons burden (the 



-5^ Jo/f /ii'i'un- t I inft r viluiu on d e ^la nil uf a >; 




First view of New Amsterdam 



Half Moon) in which Hudson was to sail "by the north around the 
north side of Nova Zembla, thence by a southerly course to the latitude 
of 60°," still to seek the fabled passage to the East, and the injunction 
was strict that no other route should be attempted. For his personal 
outfit and the support of his family he was to receive $320 and $80 
additional was to be paid to his Vv'ife in case of his death, with a prO' 
vision for further compensation at the discretion of the directors — a 
paltry sum and an indefinite promise suggesting a secret understanding 
and an option as to the course he should pursue. His crew was 
again a motley one — Dutch, English and Asiatics — less than 20 in all, 
unruly and unmanageable, men meaning to be masters. As has been 
seen it was always his fate to have such a crew. 

17 



He left Amsterdam April 4, 1 609 ; in about a month he was off 
the North cape again, but Nova Zembla was not reached; the 
ice w&s obstinate, some of the crew were sick, others were 
doing double duty, and all were dissatisfied. So the choice was 
given them to point for America at about 40^, or to try to reach 
India by way of Davis strait at the north. The latter was selected, and 
Hudson, disregarding the company's instructions, made the Newfound' 
land banks, July 2 ; thence he coasted southward to Penobscot bay, to 
Cape Cod, by New York harbor, to James river, to South Carolina, 
and then back to the Chesapeake, with a run up the Delaware ; and on 
the 2d of September the Half Moon cast anchor in '' a great lake of 
water, as we could judge it to be," with high hills to the northward — 
" a very good land to fall in with and a pleasant land to see," as runs 
the quaint chronicle. For about 1 days Hudson remained in the lower 
bay of New York, taking soundings and having intercourse, both 
friendly and otherwise, with the Indians who crowded about the ship. 
On the 1 2th of September he went up the bay to the Battery and 
entered the river, yet with the thought that it might be a channel that 
led the way to the coveted spices and precious stones of the East. 
The story of the ascent and descent of the river is a familiar one and 
needs here to be but briefly told. On the 1 3th he was at Spuyten 
Duyvil ; the 1 4th at the Highlands ; the 1 5th within view of the CatS' 
kills; the 18th opposite the site of Hudson city; on the 19th he was 
trading with the natives, a fev^/ miles belovv/ Albany; on the 20th a 
small boat was sent north to prospect, the Half Moon riding at 
anchor ; on the 22d the boat returned to report that it had gone about 
27 miles, probably to Waterford, that the river narrowed and shaJ' 
lowed all the way, and that the dream of the northvv'est passage, by 
this stream, must be abandoned. On the 23d the descent began, and 
after various adventures and some serious encounters with the Indians 
the bay was again seen on the 3d of October. The next day with 
fair weather and a favoring breeze the Half Moon trimmed her sails 
for the East, and was the first ship which left the port of New York 
direct for Europe. How many thousands have followed in her wake I 
The original destination was Ireland, whence further American explo- 
ration was to be made, so determined by a compromise with the crew, 
which was as usual of a mutinous spirit, sullenly refusing to return to 
Holland. But, either accidentally or by design of the master. Dart' 
mouth in Devon was the port arrived at on the 7th of November. 
There both vessel and captain were detained by the English authorities; 

18 



the former, however, was subsequently released, and returning to 
Holland was wrecked in East Indian waters a few years later, while 
the latter, as an English subject, xA^as forbidden to leave the country. 
Hudson's career may now be speedily follov^ed to its close. In 
1610 certain members of the Muscovy Company, Sir Thomas Smith 
and Sir Dudley Digges being among them, fitted out for him the ship 
Discoverer, with which according to the Rev. Samuel Purchas, vvho 
wrote much concerning Hudson, he was "to try if, through any of the 
passages which Davis saw, any passage might be found to the other 
ocean called the South sea." The dream persists. On the 17th of 
April he sailed from London with an especially ugly crew of 20 men, 
touched the southern end of Greenland, and on the 1 1 ih of July 
anchored at Baffin land on Hudson strait ; thence entering Hudson bay 




.aanKf'.^ _^__ _____ ^ ...'i^."--!:.-' . - 



:,. ./S'- 



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Ifeur: 



he rested in James bay at its southern extremity some time in September. 
Therein he was icebound and the winter was spent with much of 
idleness, bickering and complaint by the crevv', and the final shattering 
of his hope of penetrating to China. He had met with his fourth 
failure in his zealous pursuit. On the 1 8th of June 1 6 1 1 he began his 
homeward trip, but now mutiny was openly declared against him, and 
measures for his " taking off" were planned. The severity of his dis- 
cipline was alleged as his chief offense, in part accounting for but not 
excusing the tragedy that ensued. Four days later with the sick and 
lame, his son John and the ship's carpenter, faithful to the last — eight 
in all — he was thrown into a shallop and the ship bore away. 
The crime V\/as one of peculiar atrocity. The curtain falls upon the 
mystery of his fate, but rises upon his imperishable renown. 

19 



What did Henry Hudson accomplish ? Broadly it may be stated 
that he discovered the bay and explored the river to each of which his 
name is attached. Not many years passed before he was followed to 
the bay by Button and Fay and Cox, and half a century after his death 
the Yankee captain, Zachariah Gillam, led an expedition thither which 
resulted in the building of the first fort on its shore and in the organiza' 
ticn of the famous Hudson's Bay Company, whose colossal operations 
have lasted more than two centuries. When the controversy between 
England and France for the possession of the immense territory that 
surrounds it became acute, it was upon the exploit of Hudson that 
England based her claim to priority of title. But it is in his relation to 
the river and its features, associations and history that we are chiefly 
interested. Of it in the strictest sense he can not be said to be the 
discoverer. Others had previously seen it. Verrazano in 1524 beheld 
the "Grandissima riviera" at its mouth, as probably did Gomez in 1525, 
who named it "Rio de Sanet Antonio," and it is thus indicated on a 
map drawn by Alonzo Chaves, a Spanish cartographer, in 1537. 
Stephen Bellinger, a Frenchman, in 1583 coasted southwesterly from 
Cape Breton, 600 miles, " and had trafique with the people in tenne 
or twelve places." The shore of the river may have been one of 
these. And there are vague accounts of both French and Dutch 
visitations prior to 1609, but Hudson saw, observed and investigated 
from tide water to the head of navigation. 

The Dutch immediately assumed title to the river and to lands 
westward of it by right of Hudson's exploration — not an uncontested 
and at the last a voided title — for the English claimed by virtue of 
Cabot's discoveries all lands on the North American coast north 
of Florida, and the English crown made grants accordingly. They 
also claimed, because of Hudson's nationality as superior to his Dutch 
engagement. The Indian name of the river was Shatemuc ; Hudson 
called it the Mauritius, after Prince Maurice ; the early colonists, the 
North, by which it is still sometimes known; but eventually it was 
properly named the Hudson. In their first operations the Dutch were 
not materially molested by any other power. Trade with the Indians 
for furs began at once. In 1610 the fur merchants of Amsterdam 
dispatched for that purpose a vessel with Hudson's former mate. Van 
Kampen, as master, the venture being a profitable one. In 1611 Hen' 
drick Christiaensen took to Holland two Indian boys, the sons of a 
Manhattan chief. In 1611 five ships were sent out from Holland, 
and certain famous sailors, Christiaensen, Block and May, appeared 

20 



upon the scene, driving lucrative bargains and making some notable 
discoveries in adjacent waters as well. Within a few years several 
forts or bastions were erected, Nassau, a mile or tv\/o south of Albany, 
and one, perhaps two, on Manhattan being among them; and settle^ 
ment, as yet wholly for traffic with the Indians, may be said to have 
begun, in 1614 that eminent buccaneer, Samuel Argall, compelled 
the Dutch at all their forts to lower their own and raise the English 
flag, and then sailed away, the English flag being promptly pulled 
down after he left. In the same year the States General of the 
United Netherlands gave a charter for a limited number of voyages 
to the New Netherland Company to trade exclusively in the newly 









New York harbor 

discovered lands between the 40th and 45th degrees of north latitude 
— that is, between New France and Virginia, so expressed — and 
specifically describing the region as New Netherland. In 1618 a 
notable compact was made by the command at Fort Nassau with the 
Iroquois on a hill at the mouth of the Tawasentha — Norman's kill — 
a few miles below Albany for the exchange of peltries and weapons 
of war. It was the basis of a warm and enduring friendship of the 
Iroquois and Dutch, to which the English succeeded, that was of 
immense benefit to the latter and of serious harm to the French and 
Algonquins. In 1621 the States General issued the celebrated charter 
to the Dutch West India Company, with its enormous jurisdiction and 

21 



extraordinary franchises; and two years thereafter the company sent 
out the ship New Netherland with thirty Walloon families ; a part of 
them settled in what is now the borough of Brooklyn, and a part at 
Fort Orange on the site of Albany. Colonization was a fact. In 
1626 Peter Minuit was made Director General V'/ith residence in New 
York, and purchased Manhattan island from the Indians for 60 
guilders — $24. Thus Dutch estates, usages and institutions were 
introduced into New Netherland, and these remained even after the 
English conquest in 1 664. Their influence is still felt in New York. 

It would be beyond the limits of this article to enlarge upon the influ- 
ence of the Dutch in molding our State. A few words must suflice. 
First of all it is to be noted that New Netherland was the child of the 
Dutch Republic, then the miost intelligent, the freest and the most enter- 
prising nation of Europe. The founders of the new state brought 
with them the principles of the old ; and they also opened wide the 
door to the refugees of all nations from either political or religious 
persecution. New Amsterdam was cosmopolitan from the beginning, 
it is said that 18 languages were spoken there before 1650. The 
Swedes came to Manhattan, the Waldenses to Staten island, the Wal- 
loons and English to Long island and the Huguenots to Ulster county. 
The Dutch originated the vital principles of our institutions, municipal and 
township organizations, and the idea of local self-government. To 
these they held firmly in their representative bodies — the " twelve men " 
and the "eight men." They uniformly opposed arbitrary taxation. 
Above all else, it is to be remembered that on the Hudson in 1633 the 
first public school in the land was established. If it be said that 
the feudal powers granted to the patroons on their manorial estates did 
not correspond with the general prevalence of popular government, it 
may be replied that for these the West India Company, and not the 
States General, was responsible; that in 1638 and 1640 the prerogatives 
of the patroons were materially restricted and the rights of free settlers 
materially enlarged, and that wherever the numbers in the settlements 
were sufficient the company was bound to guarantee them local self- 
government. 

The Hudson, the second of any river of considerable size on the 
continent to be explored, the St Lawrence being the first, is 300 miles 
in length, and is navigable by vessels of the first class for about 150 
miles. Its general direction is southerly — due south in its navigable 
portion. It drains an area of about 30,000 square miles above the 
entrance of the Mohawk. Among its tributaries are the Schroon, 

22 



Batten kill, Hoosic, Wappingers and Croton on the east, and the 
Sacandaga, Mohawk, Wallkill and Esopus creek from the west. 
There are longer rivers in the land, but few with fuller flow. There 
are those along which nature is tossed into more weird and awful 
shapes, with deeper chasms and loftier cataracts, but there is none 
upon which there is a greater variety of scenery, from the beautiful to 
the sublime, as there is none more serviceable. During its entire course 
there is no spot which is not invested with interest, either natural, 
legendary or historical, from the silken skeins of mist and the bubbling 
springs at its sources in the Adirondacks, to the magnificent bay upon 
which the navies of the world may ride, where the queenliest of cities 




Storm King 

receives tribute from the commerce of all the zones. Especially notable 
are the series of rapids and cascades at Glens Falls, the water rushing 
over ragged masses of black marble through a descent of 80 feet; the 
Catskills, a wonderful procession of peaks and slopes, and recesses ; 
the picturesque Highlands ; the solitary grandeur of Storm King and 
Cro' Nest; the majesty of the Palisades, battlements rock-ribbed and 
perpendicular, sheer from the water's edge to hights of 250 to 500 
feet ; the broad expanse of the Tappan Zee, and the noble sweep 
into the Atlantic. The Hudson is a peerless stream, it is often com- 
pared with the Rhine, but the Rhine is not so uniformly fascinating in 
its natural features as the Hudson, and is admired less for these than 
for the castles and ruins on its banks. The Hudson is lined by princely 

23 



estates, thriving villages and prosperous cities. Of the latter there are 
in New York State eight — Cohoes, Albany, Hudson, Kingston, New^ 
burgh, Poughkeepsie, Yonkers and New York, already the second 
and soon to be the first market place in the world ; and in New Jersey 
are Hoboken, Jersey City and other populous communities. Over 
5,000,000 people reside on, or contiguous to, the banks of the Hudson 
— a multitudinous host, an imperial domain. 

There is no section of the country that is of larger historical signifi' 
C£Lnce than that of the Hudson. It has witnessed its own exploration 
and colonization by one people and its surrender to another ; a portion 
of the conflict between two great European nations for the pos' 
session of the continent ; the first congress of the colonies for mutual 
protection ; the provincial struggles for popular rights ; the battles of 
the Revolution most intimately related to its successful issue; the 
organization of the federal government; and the evolution politically 
and economically of the foremost commonwealth of the United States. 
Some of these events have already been referred to and but a glance 
at others may be indulged in. 

The Dutch held sway in New York for about 50 years, the last 
Dutch governor being Peter Stuyvesant, a very hard-headed and hot' 
headed, one-legged man, who stumped New Amsterdam in unavailing 
rage when on August 29, 1664 Richard Nicolls sailed up the bay and 
demanded in the name of his sovereign, Charles I! of England, then at 
war with Holland, the surrender of the " towns situated on the island 
commonly known by the name of Manhattoes, with all the parts there' 
unto belonging." English rule began September 8th, the transferred 
province being renamed New York after the Duke of York, subsc' 
quently James II, and continued with an interval from August 1673, 
when the Dutch under Captain Colve seized it and administered its 
affairs, until November 1674, when it reverted to England under the 
treaty of Westphalia. From 1674 until 1683 Sir Edmund Andros, 
the ablest and most energetic of the crown governors, was at the helm, 
returning in 1688 as governor in chief and captain general of all the 
northern colonies. He strengthened defenses, increased trade, aug' 
mented the revenues and beautified the city. In 1 683, Thomas Dongan 
being governor, the "Charter of Liberties" was declared, by which 
the supreme legislative power was vested in a governor, council and 
the people met in a general assembly — the first recognition of the 
people in any American constitution. In the same year the first 1 
counties, six of which — Albany, Dutchess, New York, Orange, Ulster 

24 




Ff^OM A RECENT PHOTuuRAF 



Schuyler Mansion 

Erected at Albany by Gen. Philip Schuyler in 1761. Here, on Dec. 14, 1780, Alexander Hamilton and 
Elizabeth Schuyler were married. 




FROM PHOTOGRAPH IN POSSESSION OF MRS LAURA VAN RENSSELAER, ALBANY 

Van Rensselaer Mansion 

Erected at Albany by Stephen Van Rensselaer in 1765 : remodeled in 1843 and removed to Sigma Phi 
place at Williams College in 1893. 

25 



and Westchester — are on the Hudson, were erected. Kings on the 
East river may also be classed as within the territory of the Hudson, 
while the remaining counties — Queens, Richmond and Suffolk - - it may 
not be proper to claim. In 1735 the liberty of the press was vindicated 
in New York in the celebrated case of John Peter Zenger, acquitted 
on a charge of libel by the eloquent plea of Andrew Hamilton. 
In 1754 a congress of the northern colonics was held in Albany, at 
which a plan of union drafted by Benjamin Franklin was adopted. 
It was not carried, but it v^as the herald of their future cooperation. 
On the 18th of October 1764 the New York Assembly authorized a 
correspondence with other colonies concerning the acts of Parliament 
relative to trade and upon the danger of being taxed unreasonably by 
the mother country — the first official proposition in behalf of American 
union for American interests, anticipating by two years the action of 
Massachusetts at the instance of Samuel Adams, to the same purpose. 
The Hudson bore the brunt of the Revolution. It was the scene of 
its most stirring incidents, of its crucial conflict, and of the evacua' 
tion of the country by British troops, November 25, 1783. There 
\A/ashington revealed his consummate military genius by withdrawing 
his shattered troops in the face of overwhelming numbers to win the 
victories of Trenton and Princeton, On its lower shores was the 
debatable ground where patriot and tory were in constant feud. 
On the 17th of October 1777 at Schuylerville Burgoyne surrendered, 
as the outcome of the battles of Bemis Heights, generally known as the 
field of Saratoga. The story is a familiar one — the scheme to separate 
New England from the other colonies by uniting the troops of Burgoyne 
and Howe on the upper Hudson ; the failure of Howe to ascend ; the 
advance of Burgoyne by way of Lake Champlain ; the well devised 
plans of Schuyler to meet the invasion ; his cruel retirement from com' 
mand and the succession of Gates ; the fall of Ticonderoga ; the retreat 
from Fort Edward to an advantageous position ; the breaking of British 
communication with the Canadian base ; the cordon drawn about 
Burgoyne; the sharp engagements and the laying down of arms. 
Nowhere on American soil is there a spot more sacred than that of 
Ssiratoga. There was the signal American triumph, and there the signal 
British discomfiture, presaging ultimate British defeat. " The Revolution," 
says Senator Lodge, " was saved at Trenton : it was established at 
Saratoga." On the 15th of July 1779 "Mad Anthony" Wayne 
captured Stony Point, the "Gibraltar of the Highlands," as Irving calls 
it — one of the most brilliant exploits of the war, distinguished alike for 

26 



its difficulty and daring. It is in sharp contrast with the infamy of West 
Point, a year later, when Benedict Arnold, the dashing fighter of 
Quebec, Valcour and Saratoga, the beloved and trusted lieutenant of 
Washington, harassed with debt and smarting at the neglect of Con^ 
gress, tried to betray the fortress into British hands for British gold; 
and, thwarted in this, sneaked down the Hudson leaving the British 
emissary, the gifted and noble Andre, to be executed as a spy, for his 
(Arnold's) treason. 



/ 






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7 



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Reproduction of pass in Arnold's handwriting found with other papers in Major Andre's boots when 
he was captured. The Andre papers were acquired by the State of New York with the George Clinton 
papers in 1853 and are now in the State Library. 




Washington's headquarters at Newburgh 
11 



On April 20, 1777, at Kingston, New York declared itself an 
independent state and adopted a constitution; and on the 9th of 
July George Clinton, soldier and statesman, became the first governor, 
serving as such continuously until 1 804, save for the intervening term of 
John Jay — 1795 to 1801. Driven from Kingston by the incursion 
of the enemy and the burning of the place, the Legislature held its 
second session in 1788 at Poughkeepsie, and for the next six years 
wandered from Poughkeepsie to Kingston and Albany, as the fortunes 
of war determined its safety. In 1 784 it met in New York and there 
remained until 1786 With the exception of holding sessions at Pough' 
keepsis in 1788 and 1795 and at Albany in 1789 and 1794. In 1797 
the capital was located permanently at Albany. At his headquarters 
in Newburgh in 1782 Washington could have founded a kingdom 
and become its king. Royal state was pressed upon him, but he 
indignantly refused its proffer and sternly rebuked the devoted officers 
who made it ; and at Newburgh in 1 783 he disbanded the continental 
army. In 1788 at Poughkeepsie, New York ratified the federal 
Constitution, mainly by the persuasion of Alexander Hamilton, her 
great constructive statesman ; and on the 30th of April 1 789, George 
NA^ashington on the balcony of Federal Hall in Wall street, took the 
oath of office as President of the Republic he had created. New York 
remaining the seat of the general government until December 1790. 
Thus, on the Hudson, statehood was ordained, the monarchy rejected, 
the national Constitution confirmed, and the nation itself established. 
Of the 36 governors the State has had, 20 have hailed from the 
Hudson ; and it has given to the Union four presidents — Van Buren, 
Arthur, Roosevelt, and Cleveland as he entered upon his second term. 

it will be impossible to detail the history that has been made upon 
the Hudson since New York became a state, or even to mention the 
names of many of her citizens who within the period indicated have 
guided her progress or contributed to her prestige and power ; but a 
few may be alluded to. The 11th of July 1804 was perhaps the 
saddest day in the annals of the State, when at Weehawken on 
the Hudson, Aaron Burr fatally wounded Alexander Hamilton in a 
duel, leaving Hamilton's memory sacred as a martyr, as he was 
already exalted as a statesman. On the 7th of August 1807 Robert 
Fulton steered the Clermont from New York to Albany — the first 
successful attempt at steam navigation, the second illustrious ascent of 
the Hudson, fitly commemorated in connection with the first. At the 
mouth of the Hudson on the 26th of October 1825 DeWitt Clinton, 

28 





4 ' 



29 



as the happy phrase says, "married Lake Erie to the Atlantic," and 
the great artificial channel which crosses the State from west to east 
and empties into the Hudson at Cohoes was opened to the commerce 
of the continent. In 1784 the Regents of the University met in New 
York and granted a charter to Columbia College; in his message 
of 1795 Governor George Clinton recommended the establishment 
of common schools and annual appropriations for their maintenance 
ensued, and in 1812 the Legislature at Albany organized the State 
common school system which, in its principal features, has been adopted 
by nearly every American state. And throughout, while credit is 
to be given to the representatives from all sections for the 1 30 years 
of legislation promotive of the common weal, it is not to be for- 
gotten that all legislation has been enacted on the Hudson. The 
business energies of the State have there also had their utmost con- 
spicuous expression. It has both the capital and the metropolis. 

in the harbor of New York stands the typical figure of " Liberty 
enlightening the world." It symbolizes also the intellectual supremacy 
of New York where Bryant sang and Irving wrote and Morse 
invented. The empire of mind there declares itself in letters and 
science and the arts, in the multitudinous sheets of the daily press, 
in museums and galleries and observatories and universities, in pro- 
fessional standards and rewards, in the acquisition and diffusion of 
knowledge. The story of the Hudson is here told as fully, if not 
as adequately, as space permits. In the charm of its scenery, in its 
legends as told by Irving and other writers, in its history, in its political 
rank and martial glory, in its growth and commerce and wealth, in 
all the appointments of civilization, where is its superior? Henry 
Hudson explored better than he knew when he sought the gems of 
the east and held the promise of the west. 

Charles Elliott Fitch 




30 




George Washington : took the oath of office as the first President 
of the United States on April 30, 1789 on the open balcony of Federal 
Hall in New York city within view of the mouth of the Hudson river. 



Horatio Gates : general in the United States army. C'-ommanding 
officer at the battle of Saratoga, October 7, 1777. Member of the 
New York Legislature in 1800. 





Philip Schuyler : soldier and statesman ; promoter of the Erie 
canal : born at. Albany in 1733 and died there in 1804 ; for many years 
conspicuous public leader in the valley of the Hudson. 




/^!^l^^r^*, 



Robert Morris : patriot and statesman ; financier of the Revolution. 




Gideon Hawley : first Superintendent of Common Schools in New 
York State and in the country ; elected January 14, 1813 : Secretary of 
the Board of Regents ; Regent of the University of the State of New 
York from 1842 to 1870. 



Links of the great chain stretched across the Hudson river at West Point in 1778 to keep British war vessels 
from ascending the river. Three links presented to the State Library in 1858 by Gen. Franklin Townsend of Albany, 
a great grandson of the maker. The above autographs are reproduced from documents in the State Library. 

31 




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State of New York assembled at Poughkeepsie in 
June and July 1788 to ratify the proposed Consti- 
tution of the United States. The original pro- 
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Washington's opinions of the surviving generals of the Revolution 

The facsimiles show the first two pages of a paper prepared by Washington in the winter of 1791 -02 after the defeat of Gen. Arthur St Clair 
by the Indians in the autumn of 1791 in Ohio, in anticipation of the necessity of appointing some one to succeed him in the command of the army. 
Twemy-thri;e officers are mentioned in the series and Washington gives his opinion of the qualifications of sixteen of them for the office in question, 



34 
















y y^, --J? _ ,' ^ y — ^ 









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viz. of Generals L.ncoln, Steuben. Moultrie, Mcintosh, Wayne, Weeden, Hand, Scott, Huntington, Wilkinson. Cst, Irv.ne, Morgan, 
Putnam, Pinckney and Gov. H. Lee. This document with other Washington memorials in the State Library came into the possession of the 
State of New York by purchase from Mrs Ella Bosset Washington in 1871. 

35 



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36 



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The autographs on pages 36 and 37 are from original documents in the State Library. In the order of 
arrangement they are as follows ; 

Johannes de Laet: author of (if Nicuwe Wereldt. a scholarly work printed in 1625, which gives one of 
the earliest descriptions of New Netherland and the first full account of the Hudson river ; a director of the 
Dutch West India Company and a partner in the colony of Rensselaerswyck. Taken from the instructions to 
Gerrit Swart, schout of the colony of Rensselaerswyck, May 8, 1652. 

Kiliaen Van Rensselaer: first patroon of the colony of Rensselaerswyck. Taken from instructions to 
Arent van Curler and Pieter Wyncoop, regarding the purchase of the land at Katskill. September 10, 1643. 

Adam Roelants Groen: from Dokkum, in Friesland, first schoolmaster of New Netherland. Taken from 
a power of attorney to Jacob Tysen, to take charge of his children during his absence in the West Indies, 
December 4, 1649. 

Johannes Megapolensis (Greek for Grootstadtl : minister of the colony of Rensselaerswyck, 1642-49, and 
the first minister along the Hudson river outside of what is now the city of New York. Taken from deed from 
the Indians for the land at Katskill, dated May 24, 1649. 

Adriaen van der Donck: schout, or sherifi^, of the colony of Rensselaerswyck, 1641-46, afterwards a bold 
champion of civic liberty and one of the leading opponents of Stuyvesant. Taken from an agreement to pay the 
balance of his debt to Thomas Chambers, dated May 3, 1646. This is the first reproduction of his real 
signature. 

Peter Minuit: Director General of New Netherland. Taken from the certificate of purchase from the 
Indians of land along the Delaware river, from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of the river, for the behoof of 
Samuel Godyn and Samuel Blommaert, both directors of the Dutch West India Company, dated July 15, 1630. 

Wouter van Twiller: Director General of New Netherland. 1633-38. Taken from a contract with 
George Rapaelje, respecting the use of two cows, June 4, 1638. 

Pieter Stuyvesant: Director General of New Netherland, 1647-64. Taken from a pass to Jeremias van 
Rensselaer, the third son of the first patroon, to sail to Holland in the ship " Beaver." October 28, 1655. 

Richard Nicolls: first English governor of the Province of New York. Taken from agreement with the 
Esopus Indians, relative to the sale of their lands west and southwest of the river called Kahanckson, October 
7, 1665. 

37 









Religious freedom made the earliest progress in New York because it was the necessity of a mixed population. It is recog- 
nized in the early charters, and in the instructions to the governors, both Dutch and English The Dutch exacted and the English 
conceded it at the conquest of 1664. It was frequently asserted in both the primary and representative assemblages. The first 
General Assembly of the colony, in New York city in 1683, was undoubtedly the first Legislature in the world to put the pledge 
of complete religious freedom into a written constitution. The first Constitution of the State, framed in 1777, on the very firing 
line of the Revolution, by a duly authorized convention, provided in the 33d article for the complete separation of state and church, 
and in the 38th article for absolute religious toleration. The 38th article is here reproduced from the original document in the 
State Library. 

38 




FRuM BRONZE PANEL IN ASSEMBLY PARLOR, STATE CAPITOL 



Hudson trading with the Manhattoes 
THE BIRTH OF THE HUDSON 

NATURE did not Just happen to make the Hudson river and 
leave it for the Dutchmen to find. Its lines were laid down 
far in the remote past of the earth and it had long passed 
the climax of its greatness and its beauty before the Half Moon's keel 
had turned its waters. As the French came in from the north along 
the lines of great wounds in the earth's crust, the St Lawrence and 
the Champlain valleys, so the Hudson valley represents another such 
rupture in the rocks, where the outflowing land waters, finding the 
line of least resistance, made this their path to the sea. This ancient 
day dates back to the time when the great Appalachian mountain 
system began to form by the folding up of the rocks under the shove 
and stress of the weight of Atlantic ocean waters. This irresistible 
force from the sea, pressing the soft limestones, shales and sandstones 
of the eastern continent border against the stiff unyielding granites 
which compose the Canadian shield, twisted and folded the more 
yielding strata or broke them asunder and pushed them in great masses 
over each other. And in this way the belt of country occupied by 
this great Hudson valley was broken down to a line of crushed and 
downfallen rocks which is still a line of foreboding weakness in the 
structure of our continent. On every hand its ancient scars are to be 
seen, though most of them lie buried beneath the waters of the river. 
Today the great river is half drowned by the waters of the ocean. 

39 



It is in fact an estuary from Albany southward, the sandbars near its 
mouth are the overslaughs below Castleton which have obstructed 
navigation from the days of the Dutchmen to this day. At excep- 
tionally high tides or in long drought the salt water wedges in under 
the fresh almost as far north as the city of Hudson. The low and 
rounded valley from Albany northward has for long, long ages been 
the seat of shallow waters, often spreading out into extensive lakes, 
and what is commonly termed the Upper Hudson is only the accessory 
headwaters of what was once a majestic trunk stream. Southward 
the river hugs its ancient deep cut channel, the more as it gets closer 
Ln between the steep walls of the Highlands, and even though it 
spreads out at places still farther south, there it lies upon and buries 
its ancient banks. 

In one of the later phases of the river's history the continent stood 
far higher above the sea than it does today and the valley ran 100 
miles out beyond the point of Manhattan island. Then its waters, 
passing in tremendous volume through a majestic gorge which they 
had themselves cut out, projected themselves over the now buried 
edge of the continent into the waters of the Atlantic in a stupendous 
cataract, just as, on an infinitely smaller scale, the waters of the 
Montmorency precipitate themselves over the cliffs below Quebec 
into the St Lawrence river. Then the earth's crust in this region 
began one of those rhythmic oscillations which carry it up or down 
in obedience to physical laws still unexplained, and continued till the 
lower reaches of the ancient valley were slowly carried down beneath 
the ocean level and the sea rushed in to take the place where the fresh 
waters had flowed so long and freely. 

If the Half Moon had arrived on its voyage of discovery in the year 
1609 of the Postglacial period its skipper would have tied up far out 
beyond the outermost reaches of New York bay and beheld the 
amazing spectacle of this outpouring tide of the river precipitating itself 
over the edge of the continent and there he must have rested, excluded 
from all entrance to the river above his head. The way was not yet 
open, the flood gates not yet let down. Far up the stream from the 
Highlands down, the river was flowing through a profound gorge in 
the rocks a thousand feet deeper than at the Highlands today. There 
where the engineers are now trying to carry a gigantic aqueduct 
beneath the river from the west shore to the east, no rock bottom to 
the canyon has yet been found at a depth of more than 600 feet 
beneath the present bottom of the stream. 

All this elevated stream must be depressed to let the Dutchmen in 
and the earth was not yet prepared for the opening of this passage 
into its western lands. Indeed there was no Dutchman about in 
those days. 

40 



To the same ultimate causes which gave birth to the St Lawrence 
river and Lake Champlain is due the valley of the Hudson, but the 
course of its history has been somewhat different though not more 
varied than theirs. Once when the glacial ice stood over the St 
Lawrence and blocked the flow of its waters all the drainage from the 
Great Lakes flowed out into New York bay by way of the Mohawk 
and to the greater volume of this stream we owe the rounded slopes 
of the upper valley and the deeper gorges of the lower. 

As the valley became the scene of human history the commanding 
highlands of the narrov^ thoroughfare were found to be the natural 
military key to the control of the country north and south and when 
issues were joined between one party in control of the northern region 
and another in possession of the southern, whether between French 
and British or between the colonists and the English, it was inevitable 
that those issues should have been fought to their solution where the 
waterways at the north controlled by the one opened out into the 
lands about the head of the waterway controlled by the other. 

In the contour and altitude of crag and hill, the rock'directed course 
of the streams, the retreats of shores, the jutting headlands and islands, 
whose shapes are due to the geological forces v^hich acted on them, 
are to be found the unconscious guiding influences in the development 
of the train of human events in this region so pregnant with large 
records on the pages of our history. 

John M. Clarke 




41 



A SCENE ON THE BANKS OF THE HUDSON 

J- 

COOL shades and dews are round my way. 
And silence of the early day ; 
Mid the dark rocks that watch his bed, 
Glitters the mighty Hudson spread, 
Unrippled, save by drops that fail 
From shrubs that fringe his mountain wail ; 
And o'er the clear still \NaXet swells 
The music of the Sabbath bells. 

All, save this little nook of land, 

Circled with trees, on which I stand ; 

All, save that line of hills which lie 

Suspended in the mimic sky, — • 

Seems a blue void, above, below, 

Through which the white clouds come and go ; 

And from the green world's farthest steep 

I gaze into the airy deep. 

Loveliest of lovely things are they. 
On earth, that soonest pass away. 
The rose that lives its little hour 
Is prized beyond the sculptured flower. 
Even love, long tried and cherished long. 
Becomes more tender and more strong. 
At thought of that insatiate grave 
From >A'hich its yearnings cannot save. 

River I in this still hour thou hast 
Too much of heaven on earth to last ; 
Nor long may thy still waters lie. 
An image of the glorious sky. 
Thy fate and mine are not repose, 
And ere another evening close. 
Thou to thy tides shalt turn again. 
And I to seek the crowd of men. 

William Citllcn Bryant 



The Catskills to the northward rise. 

With massive swell and towering crest, — 

The old'time "mountains of the skys," 
The threshold of eternal rest I 

Wallace Bruce 



42 




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AUTOGRAPHS OF GOVERNORS OF NEW YORK STATE 

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45 



CATSKILL MOUNTAINS 



A ND, lo ! the Catskills print the distant sky, 
I V And o'er their airy tops the faint clouds driven, 
So softly blending, that the cheated eye 
Forgets or which is earth or which is heaven, — 
Sometimes, like thunder-clouds, they shade the even. 
Till, as you nearer draw, each wooded height 
Puts off the azure hues by distance given : 
And slowly break upon the enamored sight, 
Ravine, crag, field, and wood, in colors true and bright. 

Mount to the cloud-kissed summit. Far below 
Spreads the vast champaign like a shoreless sea. 
Mark yonder narrow streamlet feebly flow. 
Like idle brook that creeps ingloriously ; 
Can that the lovaly, lordly Hudson be, 
Stealing by town and mountain ? Who beholds. 
At break of day, this scene, when, silently, 
its map of field, wood, hamlet, is unrolled. 
While, in the east, the sun uprears his locks of gold. 

Till earth receive him never can forget. 
Even when returned amid the city's roar. 
The fairy vision haunts his memory yet. 
As in the sailor's fancy shines the shore. 
Imagination cons the moment o'er. 
When first-discovered, awe-struck and amazed. 
Scarce loftier Jove — whom men and gods adore^ 
On the extended earth beneath him gazed. 
Temple, and tower, and town, by human insect raised. 

Blovi/, scented gale, the snowy canvas swell. 
And flow, thou silver, eddying current, on. 
Grieve we to bid each lovely point farewell. 
That, ere its graces half are seen, is gone. 
By woody bluff we steal, by leaning lawn. 
By palace, village, cot, a sweet surprise. 
At every turn the vision breaks upon ; 
Till to our wondering and uplifted eyes 
The highland rocks and hills in solemn grandeur rise. 
« * » 

Theodore S. Fay 

46 




THE HUDSON 

J- 

f > I 'WAS a vision of childhood that came with its dawn, 
I Ere the curtain that covered life's day-star was drawn ; 

The nurse told the tale when the shadows grew long, 
And the mother's soft lullaby breathed it in song. 

"There flows a fair stream by the hills of the v\'est," — 

She sang to her boy as he lay on her breast ; 
" Along its smooth margin thy fathers have played ; 

Beside its deep waters their ashes are laid." 

1 wandered afar from the land of my birth, 

I saw the old rivers, renowned upon earth, 

But fancy still painted that wide-flowing stream 

With the manyhued pencil of infancy's dream. 

1 saw the green banks of the castle-crowned Rhine, 

Where the grapes drink the moonlight and change it to wine ; 

1 stood by the Avon, whose waves as they glide 

Still whisper his glory who sleeps at their side. 

But my heart would still yearn for the sound of the waves 

That sing as they flow by my forefathers' graves ; 

If manhood yet honors my cheek with a tear, 

I care not who sees it, — no blush for it here ! 

Farewell to the deep-bosomed stream of the West 1 

I fling this loose blossom to float on its breast ; 

Nor let the dear love of its children grow cold. 

Till the channel is dry where its waters have rolled 1 

Oliver Wendell Holmes 

47 




Statue of Fulton in the Capitol at Washington 
48 



M 



FULTON AND THE CLERMONT 



ORE than a century ago, an English poet, Erasmus Darwin, 
the grandfather of the illustrious scientist, Charles Darwin, 
made this prophecy : 

Soon shall thy arm, unconquered steam, afar 
Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car ; 
Or, on wide-waving wings expanded, bear 
The flying chariot through the fields of air. 

It was generally thought that this verse was the product of a 
disordered imagination, but its predictions have all been fulfilled. In 
1807 Robert Fulton solved the problem of steam navigation; in 1827 
Robert Stevenson built the first steam locomotive; and in 1909 the 
Wright brothers and others with their aeroplanes are subduing the 
air. There have been innumerable inventions, and a vast multitude 
of inventors: but the great inventors, they who have revolutionized 
scientific processes or made new application of the forces of nature to 
the progress of mankind, have been very few. Of these Robert Fulton 
was eminently one. He was a mechanical genius of the highest 
order, as he was also a rarely gifted man in various lines of achieve- 
ment. His enduring fame, hovv^ever, rests upon his ascent of 
the Hudson with the Clermont in the fall of 1807. This was both a 
scientific and an economic success — the forerunner of the keels which 
have cut the rivers and the fleets which have whitened the oceans 
for over 100 years. For this his name will be remembered through 
the ages. 

He was born in Little Britain township (now Fulton) near Lancaster, 
Pa., November 14, 1765. His father, Robert, was a farmer in 
moderate circumstances, who died when his son was but 3 years old. 
His early schooling was in Lancaster under a Quaker by the name of 
Johnson, who thought him a dull scholar and not infrequently reproved 
him for his idleness. But he was busy outside, if not inside, the school- 
room. He frequented the shops, in which he was a favorite, 
and shewed decided skill both in drawing and mechanics. Many 
stories are told of his youthful inventions and of the projects, some 
visionary and some practical, of which his head was full. He 
resolved to be an artist and at the age of 17 went to Philadelphia 
to study his profession, in which he at once showed talent, and 
was faithful and industrious in its pursuit. He painted a number 

49 



of portraits and landscapes of more than ordinary merit, and 
made many friends during the next four years, among them 
Benjamin Franklin, who encouraged him in his work and doubtless 
talked with him about his own discoveries and inventions, possibly 
giving him a bent toward the vocation he afterward adopted. 
Another serviceable friend was Benjamin West, then at the hight 
of his reputation as an artist, with whom he frequently correS' 
ponded and upon whose advice he went to England in 1786. 
He was engaged in his profession in London for over 10 years, 
producing many excellent pictures, being well paid therefor, and 
receiving the constant counsel and good offices of West. During his 
residence in England, however, he became well acquainted with men 
of high scientific attainments. Sir John Sinclair, president of the Board 
of Agriculture, and the Duke of Bridgewater, the founder of the canal 
system of Great Britain, being among them. It is said that the latter 
named nobleman induced Fulton to abandon art and take to the 
study of mechanical science. He certainly was very active along the 
new line during the latter portion of his stay in England. He published 
a treatise on canai navigation, included in which were suggested 
improvements in bridges and aqueducts, and he built on the ShrewS' 
bury canal at Long and across the river Dee in Scotland aqueducts 
upon his plan. So early as 1 793 he conceived the idea of propelling 
vessels by steam. In 1 794 he obtained a patent for a double'inclined 
plane for raising and lowering boats in canal locks, and also patents for 
several minor devices. About this time he sent copies of his work on 
canals to Governor George Glinton and Albert Gallatin, Secretary of 
the Treasury, accompanied by earnest arguments for the construction 
of canals in the United States; and it is claimed that in 1807 he made 
the first public appeal in behalf of a canal from Lake Erie to the 
Hudson. He was afterward one of the commission appointed to 
superintend the construction of the Erie canal. 

Late in 1 797 Fulton went to Paris, which was his principal place of 
residence until his return to his own country in 1806. There he 
became intimate with Joel Barlow, afterward the United States 
Minister to France and the well known author of "Hasty Pudding," 
the ' Columbiad" dedicated to Fulton, and other patriotic poems. 
They were mutually interested in poetry, painting and mechanics. 
There also he was brought into close relations with Robert R. 
Livingston, who, while chancellor of the New York Court of 
Chancery, administered the oath of office to President Washington, 

50 



and was Minister to France from 1801 till 1804. Livingston was a 
student in mechanics and science and was deeply interested in steam 
navigation. Many consultations between the two resulted in the 
building of an experimental boat, at their joint expense, in 1803, 
v»/hich was successfully launched upon the Seine. She was 66 
feet long and 8 feet wide and moved by wheels, but did not 
meet expectations as to speed. But Fulton and Livingston then and 
there determined to build a larger and more powerful vessel for the 
Hudson, and Livingston had already secured from the Legislature 
of New York exclusive privileges for the navigation by steam of the 
waters of the State. During his stay in France Fulton devoted 
much attention to experiments in submarine gun explosives and diving 
boats, his blowing up of the Dorothea in Walmar Roads near 
Deal, in 1805 in the presence of William Pitt, the English prime 
minister, being his most notable exhibition in this regard. He continued 
his experiments with torpedoes and his efforts to obtain governmental 
sanction for their use, and in 1813 took out a United States patent "for 
several improvements in the art of maritime warfare and means of 
injuring and destroying ships and vessels by igniting gunpowder under 
water"; but he does not seem materially to have profited by his inven- 
tions in submarine warfare. Its development was reserved until a 
later day than his. 

Fulton returned to America in October 1806 to build his steamboat, 
and made his home thereafter in New York city. It would be perti- 
nent to describe a few of the efforts made by others prior to Fulton's 
supreme success, but only a passing allusion may be indulged in. Some 
who tried came very near to winning the laurels which he bore away, 
but they just missed inventing the special devices or commanding the 
resources that brought him honor. The idea of steam navigation 
was in the air for many years and the list of those who sought 
to give it expression is a long one. As early as 1690 a German 
by the name of Papin published a work in which he proposed 
steam as a universal motive power, but the thought died with its 
utterance. In 1763 William Henry is said to have put a model 
steamboat on the Canastoga in Chester county, Pennsylvania. There 
follow the experiments of James Rumsey on the Potomac in 
1784 and on the Thames in 1792; those of John Fitch on the 
Delaware in 1787 and on Collect pond. New York, in 1796. His 
boats were propelled by oars or paddles at the sides, and he is 
conceded to have come nearer to attaining success than any one 

52 




FROM PAINTING BY BFNJAMIN WEST IN POSSESSION OF FULTON'S GRANDSON, MR ROBERT FULTON 
LUDLOW OF CLAVERACK, N. Y. 

Robert Fulton 

else before Fulton. Other attempts are those of Nathan Read at 
Danvers, Mass. in 1789; of Elijah Ormsbee at Providence in 1792; 
of Samuel Morey on the Connecticut between 1790 and 1794; and of 
Colonel John Stevens of Hoboken on the Hudson in 1804. It would 
require too many technical terms and occupy too much space to detail 
the points of these and other inventions, and in the comparison it is 
sufficient in defining the superiority of Fulton to quote the following 
from his biography by Reigart : " In none of those who have attempted 
this great object were united those qualities and acquirements to which 
Mr Fulton owed his success: that is to say, a genius for invention, 
mathematical and philosophical science, mechanical knowledge, and, 
what is rare in combination with these, considerable practice." 

53 



Fulton's boat was built in the spring of 1807 and named the Cler^ 
mont after the estate of Chancellor Livingston on the Hudson. She 
was 150 feet long, 13 feet wide and 7 feet deep, and measured 160 
tons. The engine was 24 inches diameter of cylinder with 3 feet 
stroke. The boiler was of the low pressure pattern, 20 feet long, 
7 feet deep and 8 feet broad. Her side wheels were 15 feet in 
diameter with buckets 4 feet wide dipping 2 feet into the water. She 
started on her first trip from New York to Albany on the 1 1 th of 
August 1807 at 1 o'clock p. m. with Fulton, a few friends and 
mechanics, and six passengers on board, and with an incredulous and 
jeering crowd witnessing her departure. She was met by wondering 
spectators on the shores and on the crafts of the river throughout her 
passage, to many of whom she appeared as a monster breathing 
flames and smoke, for using only pine wood for fuel she sent high a 
column of ignited vapor, and sparks flew thick and fast. The trip 
is best described by Fulton himself in a letter to the "American 
Citizen," as follov^s : 

To the Editor of the "American Citizen " : 

Sir : 1 arrived this afternoon, at four o'clock, in the steamboat from 
Albany. As the success of my experiment gives me great hopes that 
such boats may be rendered of great importance to my country, to 
prevent erroneous opinions and give some satisfaction to the friends 
of useful improvements, you will have the goodness to publish the 
following statement of facts : 

1 left New York on Monday at one o'clock and arrived at Clermont, 
the seat of Chancellor Livingston, at one o'clock; time, 24 hours, 
distance, 1 1 miles. On Wednesday 1 departed from the Chan^ 
cellor's at nine in the morning, and arrived at Albany at five in the 
afternoon; distance, 40 miles, time, 8 hours. The sum is 150 miles 
in 32 hours, equal to near five miles an hour. 

On Thursday, at nine o'clock in the morning, 1 left Albany, and 
arrived at the Chancellor's at six o' clock in the evening. I started 
from thence at seven and arrived at New York at four in the after' 
noon; time, 30 hours, space run through, 150 miles, equal to five miles an 
hour. Throughout my whole way, both going and returning, the wind 
was ahead ; no advantage could be derived from my sails : the whole 
has, therefore, been performed by the power of the steam-engine. 
1 am. Sir, your obedient servant, 

ROBERT FULTON 

Thus modestly does its author announce one of the most stupendous 
events in human history. His words are golden now. In a subse- 
quent letter to his friend. Barlow, he as modestly, as confidently, 
predicts some of the results of his undertaking. He says : 

54 



Having employed much time, money and zeal in accomplishing this 
work, it gives me, as it will you, great pleasure to see it fully answered 
my expectations. It will give a quick and cheap conveyance to the 
merchandise on the Mississippi, Missouri, and other great rivers, which 
are now laying open their treasures to the enterprise of our country- 
men ; and, although the prospect of personal emolument has been 
some inducement to me, yet I feel infinitely more pleasure in reflecting 
on the immense advantage my country will derive from the 
invention. 

Eight years of life remained to Robert Fulton after his crowning 
triumph. They were years of incessant activity— of improving his 
great invention and conceiving new ones ; of the building of many 
boats for the Hudson and of ferry boats for the East river; of 
infringements of his patent, which he was obliged to protect in the 
courts ; of constant attacks upon his franchises ; of unlawful compe- 
tition and ceaseless vexation. He failed to secure due pecuniary 
returns for his enterprise, was harassed by litigation, and at the end 
he was insolvent. In his last year, when the United States was at 
war with Great Britain and New York was threatened by a hostile 
fleet, he built by direction of the government a steam war vessel— the 
first of its kind. It was named Fulton the First, and was launched 
on the East river October 29, 1814. Fulton died on the 23d of 
February 1815 at the age of 49 years. His death was attended 
by extraordinary demonstrations of public esteem. There were 
glowing eulogies and symbols of sorrow in the press ; sermons and 
orations were pronounced in his honor ; the corporation of the city, 
literary institutions and scientific societies paid tribute to his worth; 
the Legislature of the State wore mourning badges for one who, 
although never holding public ofl^ce, had done more than any other 
citizen for the economic welfare of the State. And the funeral pro- 
cession was remarkable for its numbers, its quality and its dignity, 
including representatives of the national, state and municipal govern- 
ments, and of learned and civic associations. He was buried from 
Trinity Church on the 25th of February, and his body rests in its 
historic ground, in the vault of the Livingston family into which family 
he married. On the south wall of the church is the tablet to his 
memory placed there by the American Society of Mechanical 
Engineers in 1901. By it rushes the mighty, never-ebbing tide of 
the activities of Broadway, and not far distant is the majestic flow 
of the river upon which he ordained a revolution in navigation. 



55 



EXTRACT FROM ROBERT JUET'S LOG-BOOK' 

THE fifteenth,' in the morning was misty, untill the sunne arose : 
then it cleered. So \A/ee weighed with the wind at south, 
and ran up into the river twentie leagues, passing by high 
mountaines. Wee had a very good depth, as sixe, seven, eight, nine, 
ten, twelve, and thirteene fathomes, and great store of salmons in the 
river. This morning our two savages got out of a port and swam 
away. After wee were under sayle, they called to us in scorne. At 
night we came to other mountaines, which lie from the rivers side. . . 

The sixteenth, faire and very hot weather, in the morning our 
boat went againe to fishing, but could catch but few, by reason their 
canoes had beene there all night. This morning the people came 
aboord, and brought us eares of Indian come, and pompions, and 
tabacco : which wee bought for trifles. Wee rode still all day, 
and filled fresh water ; at night wee weighed and went two leagues 
higher, and had shoald water : so wee anchored till day. 

The seventeenth, faire sun-shining weather, and very hot. in the 
morning, as soone as the sun was up, we set sayle, and ran up sixe 
leagues higher, and found shoalds in the middle of the channell, and 
small ilands, but seven fathoms water on both sides. . . 

The eighteenth, in the morning, was faire weather, and we rode 
still. In the after- noone our masters mate went on land with an old 
savage, a governor of the countrey, who carried him to his house, and 
made him good cheere. The nineteenth was faire and hot weather : 
at the floud, being neere eleven of the clocke, wee weighed, and ran 
higher up two leagues above the shoalds, and had no lesse water than 
five fathoms; wee anchored, and rode in eight fathomes. 

The twentieth, in the morning was faire weather. Our masters 
mate with foure men more went up with our boat to sound the river, 
and found two leagues above us but two fathomes water, and the 
channell very narrow ; and above that place, seven or eight fathomes. 
Toward night they returned : and we rode still all night. The one 
and twentieth was faire weather, and the ^A'ind all southerly : we 
determined yet once more to go farther up into the river, to trie what 
depth and breadth it did beare ; but mvich people resorted aboord. . . 

The two and twentieth was faire weather : in the morning our 
masters mate and foure more of the companie went up with our boat 
to sound the river higher up. . . This night, at ten of 
the clocke, our boat returned in a showre of raine from sounding 
of the river ; and found it to bee at an end for shipping to goe in. . . 

' Juet was a companion of Hudson on the Half Moon and kept his journal. 

^September 15. 1609. It is supposed that the Half Moon came about as far north as the site of Albany 
and that the small boats reached the place where Waterford now stands. 

56 




Fulton monument in Trinity churchyard 



THE GATES OF THE HUDSON 



So bright the day, so clear the sky. 
So grand the scene before me. 
My meaner life my soul puts by. 
And a better mood comes o'er me. 

From under trees whose rustling leaves 
Wear all their autumn glory, 

I watch the brown fields far below. 

And the headlands, gray and hoary. 

I see the beetling Palisades, 

NA/hose wrinkled brows forever. 

In calms and storms, in lights and shades. 
Keep watch along the river. 

Such watch, of old, the Magi kept 
Along the sad Euphrates ; — 

Our eyeless ones have never slept. 
And this their solemn fate is : 



God built these hills in barrier long, 

And then he opened through them 

These gates of granite, barred so strong 
He only might undo them ; 

Through them he lets the Hudson flow 

For slowly counted ages. 
The while the nations fade and grow 

Around the granite ledges. 

He bids these warders watch and Vi/ait, 
Their vigil ne'er forsaking. 

Forever standing by the gate. 

Not moving and not speaking. 

So, all earth's day, till night shall fall. 
When God shall send his orders. 

And summon at one trumpet-call 
The grim and patient warders. 



The guards shall bow, the gates shall close 

Upon the obedient river. 
And then no more the Hudson flows. 

Forever and forever. 

IVilliam Osborn Stoddard 



57 






;.c.r-..-v . ,-„, ^ # 









y^^^^^"^^"^ ^^^-^ .^^.c-*«, ^-- 



i i- 



This Fulton letter to the possess.on of Mr Ben). Myer Brtnk, K.ngston. N. Y. .s reproduced 
through his courtesy, j^^^ York, Oct. 9th, 1807. 

Captain Brink, 

^'inclosed is the number of voyages wh.ch is intended the Boat should run th.s season. You 
may have them published in the Albany papers. 

As she is singly manned and every one except Jackson under your command, you mus 
.nsist on each one doing his duty or turn him on shore and put another ,n h.s P^- E- V h-n 
must be kept in order, everything in its place, and all parts of the Boat scoured and clean, it .s 

53 



r' 






4-<_-*.-<. 






'"^^ 










sufficient to tell men to do a thing but stand over them and make them do it. One pair of quick 
and good eyes is worth six pairs of hands in a commander. If the Boat is dirty or out of order, 
the fault shall be yours. Let no man be idle when there is the least thing to do, and make them 
move quick. 

Run no risques of any kind when you meet or overtake vessels beating or crossing your way. 
Always run under their stern if there be the least doubt that you cannot clear their head by 50 yards 
or more. Give in the accounts of Receipts and expenses every week to the Chancellor. 

Your most obedient, 

ROBT. FULTON. 

59 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Starred titles indicate material specially useful in school work. 

Early voyages and discovery 
Bacon, E. M. English Voyages of Adventure and Discovery, Retold from hlakluyt 

40 Ip. 1908. Scribner $1.50. 
De Costa, B. F. Explorations of the North American Coast Previous to the Voyage of 

Henry Hudson. {Sec Wilson, J. G. cd. Memorial History of the City of New York. 

1892-93. 1:1-32) 
*Discovery of America. Old South Work. Boston. 5c. (Old South Leaflets, no. 29) 
*Fiske, John. Discovery of America. 2v. 1892. Houghton $4. 

*Johnson, W. H. The World's Discoverers : the Story of Bold Voyages by Brave Navi- 
gators during a Thousand Years. 416p. 1908. Little $1.50. 

Murphy, H. C. Voyage of Vcrrazzano, a Chapter in the Early History of Maritime 
Discovery in America. 198p. 1875. 

Payne, E. J. History of the New World Called America. 2v. 1892-99. 
Discovery and Early Voyages, v. I. ch. I. 

*Verazzano, John de. Voyage along the Coast of North America from Carolina to 
Newfoundland, A. D. 1524, tr. fr. the original by J. G. Cogswell. {Sec New York 
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* Voyages of the Cabots. Old South Work, Boston. 5c. (Old South Leaflets, no. 37) 

* Voyages to Vinland. Old South Work. Boston. 5c. (Old South Leaflets, no. 31) 

Weise, A. J. Discoveries of America to the Year 1525. 380p. 1884. Putnam $4.50. 

*Winsor, Justin. Cartier to Frontenac ; Geographical Discovery in the Interior of 
North America in its Historical Relations, 1534-1700. 379p. 1894. Houghton $4. 

Relations of England and Holland at the time 

Barker, J. E. Rise and Decline of the Netherlands. 478p. 1906. Dutton $3.50 net. 

The whole book is a comparison of the Netherlands and the British empire, and describes both their political 
and trade relations at this period. 

*Fiske, John. Dutch and Ouaker Colonies in America. 2v. 1900. Houghton $4. 

Discusses the relations of England and Holland at the time and previous to the settlement of New Nether- 
land in V. 1, ch. 1,2 and 9. 

*Gardiner, S. R. Student's History of England. 1030p. New ed. 1904. Longmans 
$3.50. 

*Green, J. R. Short History of the English People. 782p. Revised ed. 1899. Harper 
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Motley, J. L. United Netherlands. 4v. 1898. Harper $8. 

From William the Silent to 1609 ; v. 4 gives the conditions for this period. 
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Anne. 1897. Putnam $3.50. 

Contains chapter on exploration and colonization, p. 51-67 ; the whole volume excellent for a picture of 
conditions in England. 

Van Pelt, Rev. Daniel. The Antecedents of New Netherland and the Dutch West 
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60 



Henry Hudson and the exploration of the Hudson river 
Asher, G. M. Henry Hudson, the Navigator. 218+292p. 1860. (In Hakluyt Society 

Works. 1860, V. 27) 

A collection of the chief original documents in which Hudson's career is recorded, partly translated and 
3Lnnotated, with an introduction and bibliography. 

*Bacon, E. M. Henry Hudson : His Times and His Voyages. 277p. 1907. Putnam 
$1.35 net. 

Describes adventures during four voyages and estimates explorer's character and achievements. Based on 
contemporary documents. 
Bardsen, Ivar. Sailing Directions of Henry Hudson Prepared for his Use in 1608 : from 

the old Danish, with an introduction, also a dissertation on the discovery of the Hudson 

river by B. F. De Costa. 102p. 1869. 
Cleveland, H. R. Life of Henry Hudson. {Sec Sparks, Jared, cd. Library of American 

Biography. 1834-48. 10:185-261. Harper $1.25) 
*Gordy, W. F. Henry Hudson. {Sec Gordy, W. F. Stories of American Explorers. 

1906, p. 142-53. Scribner 50c net) 
*Griffis, W. E. Romance of Discovery. 304p. 1897. Wilde $1.50. 
*Higginson, T. W. Henry Hudson and the New Netherlands. {See Higginson, T. W. 

Book of American Explorers. 1907. p. 279-307. Longmans $1.20 net) 

An authentic sketch of Hudson's life, particularly interesting to children. Illustrated. 
*Tanvier, T. A. Henry Hudson, Navigator. {Sec Cosmopolitan. Oct. 1903, p. 603 ; 

Nov. 1903, p. 90) 

Two delightful sketches written in view of the third centenary of Hudson's exploration of the Hudson 

river. 

*Juet, Robert. Third Voyage of Master Henry Hudson. {Sec Asher, G. M. Henry 
Hudson, the Navigator. 1860. p. 45-92 : also New York Historical Society. Collec- 
tions. 1809. 1:102-46; aZ^o American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society Report. 

1906) 
Extract of Juet's journal in Old South Leaflets, no. 94. 

*Laut, Agnes C. Henry Hudson's First, Second, Third and Fourth Voyages. {Sec her 

Conquest of the Great Northwest. 1908. 1:3-72. Outing 2v. $5) 

Detailed, carefully written account based on authentic sources. 
Murphy, H. C. Henry Hudson in Holland, an Inquiry into the Origin and Objects of the 

Voyage which Led to the Discovery of the Hudson River, with Bibliographical Notes. 

72p. 1859. 
*Parton, James. Captain Henry Hudson. {See Parton, James. Colonial Pioneers. 

1890. p. 57-63. Maynard, paper, 1 2c) 

Brief sketch for younger readers. 
Purchas, Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus ; or. Purchase His Pilgrimes. Ed. 4. 5v. 
1625-26. 

Hudson's third voyage [Juet's journal] 3:581-95. The whole is the basis of Asher's " Henry Hudson, the 

Navigator." 

Read, J. M. jr. Historical inquiry Concerning Henry Hudson, his Friends, Relatives and 

Early Life, his Connection with the Muscovy Company and Discovery of Delaware Bay. 

209p. 1866. 
The same, abridged and edited by EdmondGoldsmid. (Sec Clarendon Society. Reprints. 1882-84. ser. I, 

p. 143-230 

Wilson, J. G. Henry Hudson's Voyage and its Results in Trade and Colonization. {See 

Wilson, J. G. cd. Memorial History of the City of New York. 1892-93. 1:108-51 ; 

also in National Magazine, Jan. 1892, 15:221-49) 

61 



Indians 
*Fiske, John. Discovery of America, with Some Account of Ancient America. 2v. 1892. 

V. 1, ch. 1 is a history and description of the Indians. 

Megapolensis, Johannes. Short Sketch of the Mohawk Indians in New Netherland. . . 

written in the year 1644, revised with an introduction and notes by J. R. Brodhead. 

(New York Historical Society. Collections. 1857. ser. 2, 3: 137'60) 
Morgan, L. H. League of the Iroquois ; new edition, annotated by H. M. Lloyd. 2v. in 

1. 1904. Dodd $5 net. 

*New York (State) — Museum. Aboriginal Occupation of New York. 190p. 1900. 

(Museum bulletin 32) 

* History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 1905. (Museum bulletin 78) 

* Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois, by H. M. Converse. 1 95p. 

1908. (Museum bulletin 125) 
Ruttenber, E. M. History of the Indian Tribes of the Hudson River. . . 415p. 1872. 
Native Inhabitants of Manhattan and its Indian Antiquities. {Src Wilson, J. G. ed. 

Memorial History of the City of New York. 1892. 1:33-55) 

Settlement of New Netherland 

Sources 

*Donck, Adriaen Van der. Description of the New Netherlands. Ed. 2. 1656. {See 
New York Historical Society Collections. 1841. ser. 2, 1:129'242; sec also Old 
South Leaflets, no. 69) 

*Hart, A. B. ed. American History Told by Contemporaries; v. 1, 1492-1689. 1897. 
Macmillan $2. 

Source material of early explorations and the settlement of New Netherland. 

Heckewelder, Rev. John. Indian Tradition of the First Arrival of the Dutch at Man- 
hattan Island, now New York. {See New York Historical Society. Collections. 1841. 
ser. 2, 1:69-74) 

*Jameson, J. F. ed. Narratives of New Netherland. Maps, facsim. O. 1909. 
Scribner $3 net. (Original Narratives of Early American History, v. 9) 
" About a score of narratives reproducing the most significant passages from the writings of contemporaneous 

historians touching the beginnings of New York city." Includes most of the entries given under this section 

— Sources. 

Laet, John de. Extracts from the New World, or a Description of the West Indies, tr. 
from the original Dutch. (St'f New York Historical Society. Collections. 1841. ser. 

2, 1:282-316) 

Melyn, Cornelis, anon. Broad Advice to the United Netherland Provinces, Made 
and Arranged from Divers True and Trusty Memoirs, by 1. A. G. W. C, tr. fr. the Dutch 
by H. C. Murphy. {See New York Historical Society. Collections. 1857. ser. 2, 
3:237-84) 

New York Historical Society. Collections, 1809-59. 9v. New York 181 1-59. 

This series of volumes contains a great amount of important material on the early history of New Nether- 
\uvi. 

New York (State) — Legislature. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the 
State of New York. 1 5 v. Albany 1853-87. 

V. 13 History and Settlements of the Towns along the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers ; v. 12 Dutch and 
Swedish Settlements on the Delaware ; v. 14 Early Colonial Settlements. Principally on Long Island. 

New York (State) — Library. Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, Being the Letters of 
Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, 1630-1643, and Other Documents Relating to the Colony of 
Rensselaerswyck tr and ed. by A.J. F. van Laer. 909p. pi. map. O. Albany 1908. 

62 



Vries, D. P. de. Voyages from Holland to America, A. D. 1632-1644, tr. fr. the Dutch 

by H. C. Murphy. (Sec New York Historical Society. Collections. 1857. ser. 2, 

3:1-136) 
Wassenaer, Nicolaes van. Description and First Settlement of New Netherland 

{Sec O'Caliaghan, E. B. cd. Documentary History of the State of New York. 1849- 

51. 3:25-63; 1850-51, edition, 3:19-31) 

Later material 
Brodhead, J. R. History of the State of New York. 2v. 1853-71. 
De Lancey, E. F. Origin and History of Manors in the Province of New York and in 
the County of Westchester. 160p. New York 1886. (.'^(V also Scharf, J. T. His- 
tory of Westchester County. 1886. 1:31-160) 

*Fiske, John. Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. 2v. 1900. 

V I Dutch. 
Hildreth, Richard. History of the United States of America. cl877. 1:136-49 and 

413-45. 

Covers New Netherland. 
O'Caliaghan, E. B. History of New Netherlands ; or, New York Under the Dutch. 

2v. 1846-48. 
*Roberts, E. H. New York : the Planting and Growth of the Empire State. 2v. 1899. 

(American Commonwealth Ser.) Houghton $2.50. 
*Thwaites, R. G. The Colonies, 1492-1750. 30 Ip. Ed. 3. 1897. Longmans 

$1.25. (Epochs of American History) 

Hudson river 

*Bacon, E. M. The Hudson River, from Ocean to Source. 5 9 Op. 1907. Putnam 
$3.50 net. 

Treats of its history and legends from the Battery to Troy. Based on original records, some not hitherto 
published. 

*Buckman, D. L. Old Steamboat Days on the Hudson River. I43p. 1907. Grafton 

Press $1.25 net. 
Tales and reminiscences of the stirring times that followed the introduction of steam navigation. 

*Burroughs, John. Our River. (Sa- Scribner, Aug. 1880, 20:481-93) 
An illustrated sketch of the Hudson from a naturalist's point of view. 

*Curtis, G. W. The Hudson and the Rhine. (SaWzw Lotus- Eating. 185L p. 11-27) 

*Drake, J. R. The Culprit Fay. (Sec Warner's Library of the World's Best Litera- 
ture. 3:4854-862 ; also Stedman, E. C. American Anthology, p. 42-45) 

Hine, C. G. The West Bank of the Hudson River, Albany to Tappan : notes on its 
history and legends, its ghost stories and romances. Gathered by a wayfaring man who 
may now and then have erred therein. 174p. 1907. (Hine's Annual, 1906) 

*Ingersoll, Ernest, com p. Rand, McNally &- Co.'s illustrated Guide to the Hudson 
River and Catskill Mountains. Ed. 9. 1901. paper 25c. 
Contains more than mere guidebook information. 

*Irving, Washington. Dolph Heyliger. (See Bracebridge Hall. Author's revised ed. 
1849. p. 395-469) 

Legend of the storm ship is included in " Dolph Heyliger.' 

* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. {See his Sketch Book. Student's ed. p. 474) 

* Rip Van Winkle. {See his Sketch Book. Student's ed. p. 50) 

63 



*Longfellow, H. W. com p. Hudson River. {See his Poems of Places ; America, 

Middle States. 1879. p. 97-113 Houghton $ I) 
Lossing, B. J. The Hudson from the Wilderness to the Sea. 464p. 1866. Virtue 

$2.70. 
*Skinner, C. M. The Hudson and its Hills. {Sec his Myths and Legends of Our Own 

Land. Ed. 8. 1896. 1:17-107. Lippincott, 2v. $3) 
*Ver Planck, W. E. «St Collyer, M. W. The Sloops of the Hudson. 171p. 1908. 

Putnam $1.50 net. 

" An historical sketch of the packet and market sloops of the last century . . together with personal 

reminiscences of . . . notable North river sailing masters." 

Steam navigation 

*Abbot, W. J. American Merchant Ships and Sailors. 372p. 1902. Dodd $2 net. 

Bullock, C. S. The Anniversary of American Commerce. 1807-1907. {See Journal 
of American History, 1907. v. I, no. 3, p. 395-433) 

Fry, Henry. (The) History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation, with Some Account of 
Early Ships and Ship Owners. 324p. 1896. Scribner $2.50. 

*Livingston, Robert. Invention of the Steamboat. 16p. 1812. (Old South Leaflets, 
no. 108) Old South Work, Boston. 5c. 

*Mowry, W. A. American Inventions and Inventors. 298p. 1900. Silver 65c net. 
Ch. 4 and 5 sketch the history of the Clermont. Written for children. 

Preble, G. H. A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam Navi- 
gation. 1543-1882. 483p. 1883. 

*Routledge, Robert. Steam Navigation and American Steamboats. {See his Dis- 
coveries and Inventions of the 19th Century, 1900. p. 129-48) Routledge $2.50. 

Woodcroft, Bennet. Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Steam Navigation. 140p. 
1848. 

Robert Fulton 
Colden, CD. Life of Fulton. 3 7 1 p. 1817. 

Fulton Memorial Number of the Journal of American History. 1907. v. 1, no. 3. 
July, Aug., Sept. 

*Hale, E. E. Robert Fulton. (St'C Stories of Invention. 1900. p. 172-92. Little $1) 
Excellent brief sketch for younger readers. 

*Hubert, P. G. jr. Robert Fulton. (St'c" Inventors. 1898. p. 45-68. Scribner $1.50) 

*Knox, T. W. Life of Robert Fulton and a History of Steam Navigation. 507p. 1896. 
(Boys' and Girls' Library of American Biog. v. 1) Putnam $1.75. 
Brief life of Fulton and a nontechnical account of the development of steam navigation. 

*Miller, P. F. Story of Robert Fulton. Il3p. 1908. Knickerbocker Press $1. 

Written from some new material. 

*Morrison, J. H. Robert Fulton and the Side-wheel Steamer. {See Scientific American 

Sup. Mar. 2, 1907, 64:282) 
Reigart, J. F. Life of Fulton. 297p. 1856. 
Renwick, James. Life of Robert Fulton. {See Sparks, Jared, ed. Library of American 

Biography. 1834-48, 10:1-89) 
Sutcliffe, A. C. Early Life of Robert Fulton. {See Century, Sept. 1908, 76:780-94) 
*Thurston, R. H. Robert Fulton, his Life and its Results. 194p. 1891. Dodd 75c. 

A short biography, with a sketch of the development of the steam engine and steam navigation. 

64 

J. B. LYON COMPANV, STATE PAINTERS 
ALBANY, N. V. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 223 035 5 




